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We
have seen the various decision-making statements in the last few
articles. Till now we have also seen only the basic or implicitly
available variables for the data types. Now we would move on to the
concept of arrays in C. An
array can be seen as a single name under which there are a number of
related data items. For instance if we say x is an array of 10 integers
we mean to say that each of the variables from x[1] to x[10] can occupy
a single integer value. Now the individual elements of the array x are
called the elements of the array x. Thus x[1], x[2],.. are the elements. The
ability to use a single name to represent a collection of items and to
refer to an item by specifying the item number enables us to develop
concise and efficient programs. The whole concept might sound to
confounding to beginners, but as we move on things will seem to become
clear. ONE
DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
A
list of items can be given one variable name using only one subscript
(i.e. the integer value or length of the array in between the square
braces). Suppose
we want to represent 3 integers 23, 24, 25 using arrays, we declare int
x[3]; . The
computer reserves 3 storage locations as shown below:
________
x[0]-----------
|________|
________ x[1]------------
|________|
________ x[2]------------
|________| Now
these can be treated just like your normal integer variables in
assignment or output or expressions. The storage can be assumed from
either 0th position or the 1st position.
The
subscript of an array can be integer constants, integer variables like i,
or expression that yield integers. Declaration
of one-dimensional arrays
Unlike
Pascal C and C++ both provide an easy method to declare the arrays. The
general form of array declaration is type
variable-name[size];
The
type specifies the type of element that will be contained in the array,
such as int, float, or char and the size indicates the maximum number of
elements that can be stored inside the array .For example, The
C language treats character strings as array of characters. Thus the
size in this case will indicate the maximum number of characters the
string variable can hold. For
example, The
last element position is always occupied by a null character like '\0',
so the size should be chosen one more than the actual string being
stored.
Initialization
of one-dimensional arrays
Just
similar to the ordinary variables the array elements can also be
initialized. The general form of initialization is:
type
array-name[size] = { list of values}; Commas
separate the values in the list. For example
int
id[3] = {0,0,0); will
declare the variable id as an array of 3 integer elements and assign 0
to each element. If the size of the array is more than the elements in
the braces then the rest elements are automatically initialized to zero. The
size could be omitted in the initializations, in that case the compiler
allocates required space to the array. For example
int
count[] = {3,6,8.5};
char
name[] = {'S', 'A','C'}; We will continue our discussion on arrays in the next article. Arrays find application in almost all C/C++ programs, so be sure to join in then. – Sachin Mehta
C/C ++ Computing |
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